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Topic 14: Chemical Bonding and Structure
For HL students only
1. [1 mark]
Which elements are capable of forming expanded octets?
I. Nitrogen
II. Phosphorus
III. Arsenic
II. Phosphorus
III. Arsenic
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
2. [1 mark]
Which molecule has a tetrahedral molecular geometry?
A. HNO3
B. SF4
C. XeF4
D. XeO4
3. [1 mark]
In which compound are all carbon atoms sp3 hybridized?
A. C2H2
B. C2H2Cl2
C. C2Cl4
D. C2Cl6
4. [1 mark]
What is the formal charge of the oxygen atom in H3O+?
A. −2
B. −1
C. 0
D. +1
5. [1 mark]
What is the molecular geometry of SF4?
A. Tetrahedral
B. Trigonal bipyramidal
C. See-saw
D. Square planar
6a. [1 mark]
Nitric acid is usually produced by the oxidation of ammonia.
Draw arrows in the boxes to represent the electron configuration of a nitrogen atom.
6b. [2 marks]
Deduce a Lewis (electron dot) structure of the nitric acid molecule, HNO3, that obeys the octet rule, showing any non-zero formal charges on the atoms.
bonds and non-bonding pairs correct ✔
formal charges correct ✔
Accept dots, crosses or lines to represent electron pairs.
Do not accept resonance structures with delocalised bonds/electrons.
Accept + and – sign respectively.
Do not accept a bond between nitrogen and hydrogen.
For an incorrect Lewis structure, allow ECF for non-zero formal charges.
6c. [3 marks]
Explain the relative lengths of the three bonds between N and O in nitric acid.
6d. [1 mark]
State a technique used to determine the length of the bonds between N and O in solid HNO3.
6e. [1 mark]
A mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid can be used to convert benzene to nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2.
Write an equation for the reaction between the acids to produce the electrophile, NO2+.
7. [1 mark]
Which molecules contain two pi (π) bonds?
I. HCN
II. H2CO3
III. H2C2O4
II. H2CO3
III. H2C2O4
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
8. [1 mark]
What is the hybridization of nitrogen and chlorine in NCl3?
9a. [2 marks]
Hybridization of hydrocarbons affects their reactivity.
Distinguish between a sigma and pi bond.
9b. [1 mark]
Identify the hybridization of carbon in ethane, ethene and ethyne.
If you need the markscheme, including the examiners' reports for each question, and more exam and teaching materials on this topic, contact me through the contact page